PRONUNCIATION: DROOZ
LOCATION: Lebanon; Syria; Israel; Jordan
POPULATION: Under 1 million
LANGUAGE: Arabic
RELIGION: Secret Druze faith (Muhwahhidun)
The Druze are both a religious and an ethnic group. The group originated in Cairo, Egypt, in AD 1009–10. They then spread to the mountains of southern Lebanon and beyond. The Druze faith grew out of the Ismaili sect of Shi'ah Islam. However, disillusioned with the Ismailis, the Druze turned to Caliph al-Hakim of Egypt as their deliverer.
Persecution of the Druze began early in their history. Their earliest leaders were forced into hiding, and many Druze were murdered. The survivors in southern Lebanon and Syria became secretive in order to survive. For the most part, no new converts have been accepted by the Druze since AD 1043. One must be born a Druze; no one can become one by choice.
Today, the Syrian Druze community is growing, as many have fled the former Druze center in war-torn Lebanon.
The total Druze population throughout the world is probably under 1 million. Approximately 900,000 live in Lebanon, Syria, Israel, and Jordan. The largest communities outside the Middle East are in North and South America. There are smaller groups in Australia, West Africa, and Western Europe.
Most Druze are still hardy, independent farmers living in mountain villages of less than 10,000 people. All Druze villages are located on hills or mountains, primarily for purposes of defense. In Lebanon, most Druze have olive groves and fruit orchards. In southern Syria, they are more likely to be wheat farmers.
The Druze speak Arabic, with some distinguishing features. For example, they have kept the qaf, the strong guttural k sound of classical Arabic. (It has been dropped or changed to a j or hard g sound in other Arabic dialects.) They have also retained the dad, a soft d sound that has been lost in other Arabic dialects.
Today most Druze children are given names that are common to Christians and Muslims, such as Samir, Salim, Fu'ad, or Fawzi for boys.
The Druze believe that the number of souls of believers and nonbelievers was fixed at Creation. Thus, every time a Druze dies, another Druze is born. The soul of the deceased immediately enters the body of the newborn.
Because the Druze faith is surrounded by secrecy, few of their beliefs are known to the world. However, it is known that they believe in one God.
In every community, only a few Druze of each generation learn all the details of their faith. The rest are called the juhhal, or "noninitiated." They are given a simplified outline of the faith to follow.
The initiated, called ùqqal, or "enlightened," are put through rigorous tests. Once initiated, they wear a heavy white turban. They never wear bright colors, swear or use obscene language, drink alcohol, or smoke. At religious services, the juhhal attend only the first part of the service, where community affairs are discussed. Then they leave so the ùqqal can engage in prayer, study, and meditation.
The Druze believe that prayer and ritual are unnecessary when true knowledge of God's unity is gained. They consider prayer to be a constant state of being, rather than something one does at certain times of day.
Women have been included in the ùqqal since the beginning of the Druze movement.
The Druze have shrines that they visit frequently, called mazar or maqam, located on the tops or sides of hills and mountains. At the tomb of the holy man or woman to whom the shrine is dedicated, the Druze pray quietly, leave small gifts of food and money, and take away small pieces of colored cloth as tokens of divine blessing to be kept in their homes or in the family car. Some families come for extended stays to sacrifice animals in the fulfillment of a vow. Others just have picnics or spend a quiet weekend there.
Religious observance of holy days is not important to the Druze. However, annual religious festivals do attract thousands of Druze to the shrines of certain holy men and women, such as al-Nabi Shuayb. There is also an annual pilgrimage to the alleged burial place of Jethro, Moses' father-in-law, near the Horns of Hittim in Galilee.
Unlike Muslims and Jews, the Druze do not practice circumcision of males.
Weddings are small gatherings. However, they can be extravagant, depending on the wealth of the family.
Funerals are huge community events; people from all over attend. Funeral arrangements are made immediately after death. The ceremony is held the next day at the latest. The body is washed and dressed in the finest clothes available. It is buried above ground level just outside the village. Every Druze village has a mawqaf, or "stopping place." This is a small cement or stone amphitheater with rows of seats. Hundreds, even thousands, can gather there to honor and remember a deceased person and give condolences to the family.
Among themselves (and others they feel they can trust), the Druze are extremely hospitable and generous. Almost all Druze villages have one or more mudafat, guest houses where visitors can stay.
The Druze look after the less fortunate in their community. There is no such thing as a Druze beggar. If an extended family cannot support one of its members, the rest of the community will help out.
Most Druze still live in small villages. Some villages have electricity and telephone service; others do not. Almost all villages now have regular bus and taxi service to major nearby cities.
The most important factor in Druze family life is a woman's honor (ird). For this reason, women are very restricted socially, even though they have equal rights politically and religiously. Marriages are almost always arranged by the family. Marriage partners usually come from the same village and often from the same extended family (including first cousins). The groom pays the bride's family a dowry. Polygamy (having more than one spouse) is forbidden, as is marriage to a non-Druze.
The Druze prefer sons to daughters, particularly for the firstborn child. They will continue to have children until a son is born. The average family has five or six children, but Druze families can be as large as ten to twelve children.
Divorce is difficult to obtain, but women as well as men can initiate the proceedings. The failure of a woman to bear children (particularly sons) is a frequent cause for divorce.
Druze living in small villages still wear traditional clothing. Women wear a blue or black peasant dress with a gauzy white head covering called a mandil . They wear red slipperlike shoes. The ùqqal (initiated) wear baggy pants that are tight at the ankle. Juhhal (uninitiated) men wear the common Arab head scarf, the keffiyeh . The ùqqal wear heavy white turbans. Most Druze men have large moustaches with waxed tips.
Most Druze families grow their own fruit and vegetables and bake their own bread. They eat a mostly vegetarian diet, with meat only on special occasions. Typical foods include olives; mountain bread (paper-thin, round, unleavened bread); yogurt; chickpeas flavored with onions, garlic, and tahini (sesame paste); and bulghur (cracked wheat). Salad is made of tomatoes, cucumber, parsley, and other herbs, with olive oil and lemon juice. Meats include lamb, kid (young goat's meat), chicken, and beef.
Among the younger generation of Druze (under age twenty-five), literacy is almost universal. Most girls traditionally stopped their formal schooling after six years of basic elementary education. Today more girls attend secondary school, and some even go on to university or professional training (as nurses or teachers, for example).
Druze poetry does not have any love songs. Instead, it focuses on themes such as the love of God and of one's native countryside. Druze writers include poet Samih al-Qasim and Shaqib Arslan, known as "the prince of eloquence" (amir al-bayan). Among classical musicians, pianist Diana Taqi al-Din is a Druze. A well-known performer of traditional Middle Eastern music was singer and composer Farid al-Atrash (1916–76).
The Druze were traditionally farmers. Now they can now be found in all areas of business. These include banking, trade, retail, and transportation services. Druze women rarely work outside the home.
The Druze enjoy most popular sports, including hunting, fishing, soccer, basketball, tennis, volleyball, water skiing, and water polo.
Druze families often enjoy picnics at religious shrines on mountaintops and hillsides. They may spend an entire weekend at these sites, relaxing in the quiet atmosphere.
The Druze are known for their weaving, carpet-making, and basketry.
Because they are such a close-knit society, the Druze have very few social problems. Living in small mountain villages, the Druze have learned to take care of their own. However, they have suffered almost constant persecution from outsiders.
Betts, Robert Brenton. The Druze . New Haven, Conn.: Yale University Press, 1988.
Makarem, Sami Nasib. The Druze Faith . Delmar, N.Y.: Caravan Books, 1974.
ArabNet. [Online] Available http://www.arab.net/syria/syria_contents.html , 1998.
World Travel Guide. Syria. [Online] Available http://www.wtgonline.com/country/sy/gen.html , 1998.
1) Druze do Circumsize thier newborns.
2) We do not pay dowrys to the bride's family.
Thank You
Thanks
I would like to add that the Druze vary in their religious practices as a function of who they primarily live with. In Israel, they have adopted the Sabbath. In Lebanon, they bury the dead in conffins (like their Christian neighbours), and in Syria, they wrap their dead in cloth and lay them in the earth (like their Muslim neighbours). The Druze religion doesn't focus on practice but rather on the quest for wisdom and knowledge, and a belief that re-incarnation is a means of enriching our soul.
I have a boyfriend who is druze but to have a boyfriend like him is really difficult because of the strong position or influence of their religion. He was arranged to marry his relative but he object to it and this has been the argument in his family because he would like to marry someone outside his religion and his village. He wanted to marry me but I don't want him to turn his back to his religion also and as well as his parents. I don't want to create a bad blood between the father and his son. The reason I would like to ask you this, is it possible that a Roman Catholic and a Druze can be married without hitting anyone? I just would like to have simple and a good life with him but of course with the blessings of our families.
Would appreciate very much your answer. Thank you.
I appreciate this mini research about my belief, and I am using word belief because the name"Druze" is not the right word to express the "Unitarianism" and those are people that belief in God and only one God that is alive and never been a human or got the desires of sexual contact or been a distinguished as a man or woman. People who are names "Druze" are people who got no religion but they got the truth that God exists and we are the recreational part of immortality in the essence of existence that we represent in every generation we lived. This is the point of reincarnation that belongs to our unconscious mind that expresses itself in a new born mind passing through the energy of life in every human illustrated as soul that is some how a battery with certain life time. For who is asking about marriage from a Druze it is restricted that the passage of the secret is not in a vow or written or any symbolic idea to be sacred with God's will, but it is the secret in the essence of existence itself that can never be uni-coded with other people for it is not available for humans to adjust their belief. We are born to be on this line and on that color. What we can do is update and upgrade who we are by learning and advancing our skills and criteria in life. Passing our religion even to whoever want to read it will never make sense for it is the blessing of God that made us believe in one merciful and almighty creator and to exclude all the stories and messenger and whatever named people that God sent to pass the truth of believing in God and not anyone else or symbol or religion or philosophy. For that we are not in a need for a daily prayer and warship to anything or anyone except the creator of this universe God "Allah" and we are not in need to fight anyone and we are not allowed and we got no right to harm or kill another person only under the right of self defense and to protect our pride and dignity "a common sense in life" For this basic reason we can't give our spouse the same as called religion to be Druze so marriage is complicated in this case. We believe in purity of blood line. I hope this helped someone in here and who would like to ask more am ready to answer.