This introduction provides some basic information as background for the detailed accounts of the particular cultures that follow. The cultures have been selected to represent Africa, in the sense that they include the larger and better-known cultures or clusters of cultures out of the more than two thousand cultures that compose the complex entity that we call "African civilization."
Bohannan, Paul, and Philip Curtin (1988). Africa and Africans. 3rd ed. Prospect Heights, Ill.: Waveland Press.
Davidson, Basil (1969). The African Genius, Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Forde, C. Daryll, ed. (1950-). The Ethnographic Survey of Africa. London: International African Institute.
Gibbs, James (1965). The Peoples of Africa. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
Martin, Phyllis, and Patrick O'Meara (1977). Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Middleton, John (1970). Black Africa: Its People and Their Cultures Today. New York: Macmillan.
Murdock, George P. (1959). Africa: Its People and Their Culture History. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Oliver, Roland, and Michael Crowder, eds. (1981). The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Africa. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Ottenberg, Simon, and Phoebe Ottenberg (n.d.). Cultures and Societies of Africa. New York: Random House.
Clark, J. Desmond (1970). The Prehistory of Africa. N.p.
Coquery-Vidrovich, Catherine (1988). Africa. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Curtin, Philip, Leonard Thompson, Steven Feierman, and Jan Vansina, eds. (1978). African History. Boston: Little, Brown & Co.
Davidson, Basil (1986). Africa in History. New York: Macmillan.
Davidson, Basil (1992). The Black Man's Burden. New York: Times Books.
Hiernaux, Jean (1974). The People of Africa. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.
Newman, James L. (1994). The Peopling of Africa. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Oliver, Roland A. (1961). The Dawn of African History. London: Oxford University Press.
Oliver, Roland A. (1967). The Middle Age of African History. London: Oxford University Press.
Oliver, Rowland A., and John Fage (1962). A Short History of Africa. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Vansina, Jan (1966). Kingdoms of the Savanna. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Vansina, Jan (1978). The Children of Woot: A History of the Kuba People. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Wilks, Ivor (1975). Asante in the Nineteenth Century. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Balandier, Georges (1970). Political Anthropology. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Bohannan, Paul, and George Dalton, eds. (1962). Markets in Africa. Evanston, Ill.: Northwestern University Press.
Colson, E., and Max Gluckman, eds. (1951). Seven Tribes of British Central Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
Deng, Francis (1971). Tradition and Modernization. New Haven: Yale University Press.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1940). The Nuer. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Fallers, L. A. (1956). A Bantu Bureaucracy. Cambridge: Heffer.
Fallers, L. A. (1964). The Kings Men. London: Oxford University Press.
Fortes, Meyer, and E. E. Evans-Pritchard, eds. (1940). African Political Systems. London: Oxford University Press.
Gluckman, Max (1963). Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa. London: Cohen & West.
Kuper, Hilda (1947). An African Aristocracy. London: Oxford University Press (Swazi).
Mair, Lucy (1962). Primitive Government. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Mair, Lucy (1974). African Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Mair, Lucy (1977). African Kingdoms. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Nadel, S. F. (1942). A Black Byzantium. London: Oxford University Press.
Radcliffe-Brown, A. R., and D. Forde, eds. (1950). African Systems of Kinship and Marriage, London: Oxford University Press.
Richards, A. I. (1939). Land, Labor, and Diet among the Bemba. London: Oxford University Press.
Smith, Michael G. (1960). Government in Zazzau. London: Oxford University Press.
Southall, A. W. (1956). Alm Society. Cambridge: Heffer.
Winter, Edward H. (1956). Bwamba. Cambridge: Heffer.
Arens, W., and I. Karp, eds. (1989). Creativity of Power: Cos mofogy and Action in African Societies . Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press.
Beattie, John, and John Middleton, eds. (1969). Spirit Mediumship and Society in Africa. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Biebuyck, Daniel, and K. Mateene (1969). The Mwindo Epic. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
Bloch, Maurice (1971). Placing the Dead: Tombs, Ancestral Villages, and Kinship Organization on Madagascar. New York: Seminar Press.
Boddy, Janice (1989). Wombs and Alien Spirits. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.
Drewal, Henry, and John Pemberton (1989). Yoruba: Nine Centuries of African Art and Thought. New York: Abrams.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937). Nuer Religion. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Evans-Pritchard, E. E. (1937). Witchcraft, Oracles, and Magic among the Azande. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Forde, Daryll, ed. (1954). African Worlds. London: Oxford University Press.
Fortes, Meyer, and Germaine Dieterlen, eds. (1965). African Systems of Thought. London: Oxford University Press.
Greenberg, Joseph H. (1963). The Languages of Africa. Indiana University Research Center in Anthropology, Folklore, and Linguistics, Publication no. 25. The Hague: Mouton.
Horton, Robin (1993). Patterns of Thought in Africa and the West. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Karp, Ivan, and C. Bird, eds. (1980). Explorations in African Thought. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Lan, David (1986). Guns and Rain. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
Lewis, Ioan M. (1971). Ecstatic Religion. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
Lewis, Ioan M., ed. (1966). Islam in Tropical Africa. London: Oxford University Press.
Lienhardt, R. G. (1961). Divinity and Experience: The Religion of the Dinka. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
MacGaffey, Wyatt (1986). Religion and Society in Central Africa: The BaKongo of Lower Zaire. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Mbiti, John S. (1969). African Religions and Philosophy. London: Heinemann.
Middleton, John (1960). Lugbara Religion. London: Oxford University Press.
Middleton, John, and E. H. Winter, eds. (1963). Witchcraft and Sorcery in East Africa. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Mudimbe, V. Y. (1988). The Invention of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Mudimbe, V. Y. (1994). The Idea of Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
Parrinder, E. G. (1954). African Traditional Religion. London: Sheldon Press.
Peel, J. D. Y. (1968). Aladura. London: Oxford University Press.
Taylor, John V. (1963). The Primal Vision. London: SMC Press.
Tempels, Placide (1949). La philosophie bantoue. Paris: Présence Africaine. Translated into English as Bantu Philosophy, 1959.
Trimingham, John S. (1968). The Influence of Islam upon Africa. London: Longmans.
Turner, V. W. (1967). The Forest of Symbols. Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press.
Turner, V. W. (1968). The Drums of Affliction. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
Willett, Frank (1971). African Art. London: Thames & Hudson.
JOHN MIDDLETON
thank you very much for giving me knowledge.