Montserratian
Identification. Before 1995, this pear-shaped island had a population of about ten thousand and was lush, green, mountainous, isolated, and unspoiled. There are three green-clad mountain ranges and the island is edged by largely black sand beaches. Much of the land is fertile with a healthy tropical climate.
Location and Geography. Montserrat, covering 39.5 square miles (63.7 square kilometers), is a British Crown colony between Nevis and Guadeloupe. Christopher Columbus gave this Caribbean island its name. On his second voyage, Columbus noticed that the island resembled the land around the Spanish abbey of Santa Maria de Montserrati.
Montserrat occupies a region of the earth's crust that is geologically unstable, with volcanic activity and earthquakes an ever present reality. Hurricanes and other natural disasters have long plagued this otherwise idyllic "Emerald Isle" of the Caribbean. Economic issues and ecological necessity remain persistent features of the national culture and values. Although many people are impressed with the individuality of the island, Montserrat is a country looking for a national identity.
Demography. Montserrat has for some time been considering independence from Great Britain. It has a unique blend of Anglo-Irish and African cultures and thus is an example of a fairly successful blend of two very different cultures and races. Until recently, national self-image was a hot topic as a result of extensive outmigration. After Hurricane Hugo in 1989, the population dropped from 11,500 to slightly less than 10,000 people. After 1995, volcanic eruptions halved that number.
Linguistic Affiliation. The official language is English, but a dialect is widely spoken on informal occasions. Monserratians tend to use standard English in formal contexts and creole English in informal contexts.
Symbolism. The national emblem is a carved Irish shamrock adorning Government House, and the island's flag and crest show a woman with a cross and harp. Other cultural survivals, such as a value systems, codes of etiquette, musical styles, and an Irish recipe for the national dish called "goat water" stew, are considerably more problematic as cultural legacies.
Emergence of the Nation. Very little is known of the early history of Montserrat. The aboriginal population probably was made up of Arawak Indians who were killed off by Carib Indians by the time of Columbus's voyage in 1494. The Caribs left the island by the middle of the seventeenth century but continued to raid it. They named the island Alliouagana ("Land of the Prickly Bush"), perhaps after the aloe plant.
Montserrat is often referred to as "the Emerald Isle of the West" because the Irish figured prominently in its early history. Montserrat was first settled in 1632 by a British contingent from the mother colony of Saint Kitts. Although the original colonists were English and Irish, Montserrat quickly became a haven for Irish Catholics escaping from religious persecution. The Irish first came as indentured servants and later as slaves to work in the plantation system.
Later, Catholic refugees from Virginia came to escape from religious persecution. By 1648, there were one thousand Irish families on the island. The French occupied the country between 1644 and 1782 but ceded it to Britain in 1783.
In 1649, Cromwell sent political prisoners to Montserrat, increasing the population and helping to preserve its Irish character.
National Identity. Irish cultural retentions are largely symbolic. Some claim that modern-day Montserratians have an Irish brogue, but linguistic evidence is not conclusive. Irish names abound, and the phenotype of the inhabitants seems "lighter" than it is in other Afro-Caribbean countries. Most of the inhabitants appear to be of an African heritage.
The national emblem is a carved Irish shamrock adorning Government House, and the island's flag and crest show a woman with a cross and harp. Other cultural survivals, such as a value systems, codes of etiquette, musical styles, and an Irish recipe for the national dish called "goat water" stew, are considerably more problematic as cultural legacies.
Montserrat's luxuriant vegetation, emerald hills, and fern-covered ravines have given it a striking resemblance to Ireland, and its history has left ruins of the plantation period as well as colorful houses in the capital city of Plymouth. However, the contemporary culture is pan-Caribbean with a heavy overlay of African and Anglo-Irish elements.
Sugar and slaves eventually changed both the economy and the culture. In the seventeenth century, after tobacco production waned, Montserrat developed into a typical plantation colony. The date of the arrival of the first slaves (1651) corresponded roughly with the start of the sugar industry. Slaves quickly outnumbered Irish indentured servants, and eventually there were more blacks than whites.
By 1705, a planter class, based on slave labor and sugar, was fully established. The planter class attempted to control and coerce the blacks, leading to several rebellions, including the Saint Patrick's Day rebellion of 17 March 1768.
Sugar fortunes began to disappear toward the end of the eighteenth century. Earthquakes, droughts, hurricanes, French raids, and the loss of slave labor after emancipation (1834) combined to end the "plantocracy." Cotton supported the economy until the 1960s, when tourism and an elaborate real estate construction scheme were instituted.
Montserrat has become an emigration society, with remittances being important sources of revenue. The recent volcanic eruptions have made Montserrat dependent on Britain for its survival.
Some islanders are sensitive about the size of Montserrat. Its size of 30,000 acres, of which almost two-thirds are mountainous and barren, coupled with the recent economic and ecological crises, has created an "economics of scale." The industrial and commercial potential has been hampered by low population growth, mountainous terrain, poor air access, the high cost of energy, and a limited infrastructure. Choked by conditions of underdevelopment and poverty, nationalism is a sentiment held by a relatively small segment of the population. Lacking in this national self-image are emotionally charged symbols such as flag waving. Rather than chauvinistic political rhetoric, one is more likely to hear references to an unspoiled landscape, satisfaction with the customs and lifestyle, and sentiments of security derived from the safety of a home isolated from the rapidly changing world.
Food in Daily Life. Native-grown breadfruit, mango, soursop, pawpaw, and cashews are regarded by some locals as less desirable food.
Basic Economy. Agriculture has not supported the population. To foster tourism, the government decided to avoid high-rise hotels and noisy nightclubs; instead, Montserrat was to be a model of "the way
Another economic factor was the establishment of an offshore medical school that catered to North Americans, mostly from the United States. Montserrat was a regional media center, broadcasting to the entire Antillean region. The most famous of the foreign studios, however, pulled out after the last hurricane.
Montserrat's agricultural history has been marked with repeated failures; the island has been plagued with charges of international banking frauds; and the trade deficit has been balanced only by overseas remittances and capital from foreign expatriates. When Hurricane Hugo struck in 1989, aid for reconstruction was provided by the United Kingdom.
Major Industries. The economy is based mainly on agriculture, real estate, building construction, tourism, and assembling industries. There is little manufacturing activity. There was, until the volcanic eruptions, an expanding tourist trade; and the island was beginning to build an integrated cotton industry (sea island cotton), although the island lacks the technology to handle large volumes of cotton. The off-shore medical school had to move to another island after the recent natural disaster.
Trade. The government had plans of reviving farming, creating a tourist industry, and supporting a real estate-and-home-construction scheme; but Montserrat has been for many years marginal in relation to overseas markets, compounded by a series of natural disasters to the island.
Classes and Castes. The pattern of social stratification that emerged after the slavery period remains relatively unaltered. Lower classes predominate in this society.
The upper class includes resident owners and managers of the larger estates, expatriate colonial officials, professionals, religious leaders, bank managers, and larger merchants. Most are white or light-skinned. There are no poor whites. The upper classes generally live and work in the capital city of Plymouth, speak English, and adhere to legal forms
The middle class consists of salaried employees or civil servants who work for the post office, hospitals, courts, or the police department. This is the class that aims for secondary schooling. With increased educational opportunities, there is a growing middle class, which tends to use "standard" English in formal contexts, and creole English in others. Many of these households employ at least one domestic servant. Mostly Anglican, Methodist, or Roman Catholic, this is the class most anxious about appropriate behavior. There is an emerging professional class.
The lower classes are primarily black and are characterized by sporadic employment, with many people dependent on remittances. Virtually all live outside Plymouth. Migration was predominantly a lower-class phenomenon before the 1995 evacuations. Most of the members of this class follow Pentecostal faiths. Relationship patterns perhaps represent the greatest institutional variation between classes.
Government. Representative government was introduced in 1936; Montserrat got a new constitution in 1952, and Britain introduced a bicameral system of government in 1960. Virtually all effective political power has been in the hands of the few who control production (the monopoly of the wealthy). Montserrat has elected to remain a colony, although some have argued for a discontinuation of colonial status. There is almost total dependence on Great Britain.
Leadership and Political Officials. Montserrat has a representative government with a ministerial system, practicing parliamentary democracy rooted in the Westminster model. The head of state is represented by a governor, who exercises executive authority. Britain is still responsible for the island's external affairs, defense, and law and order, although Montserrat has a fairly autonomous local government. The chief minister is John Osborne, who has always favored independence for the country. The recent natural disasters effectively put this question to rest for now.
Social Problems and Control. A nation of emigration, with severe loss of population, Montserrat has choking conditions of underdevelopment, poverty, unemployment, declining productivity of abused space, unavailable markets, land problems, and insecure subsistence production, as well as fear, suspicion, and mistrust, especially since the natural disasters of Hugo and the volcanic eruptions. It is a nation suffering from a colonial past, a Caribbean laboratory with "infinitely limited alternatives." There have been various schemes proposed to eliminate some of the social problems, but to date all have failed, e.g., the geothermal project that did not take into account popular superstition about disturbing the dormant volcanoes. The present socioeconomic crises cannot be separated from the recent natural disasters. Great Britain has had to bail out the Montserratians once more.
In a typical parish, there might be three rum shops, four small provision shops, a sub-post office, the Methodist church and smaller Holiness church, and a school. However, Rotary and Jaycees are both active on the island. Montserrat has a theater with plays that address Caribbean issues and at least two dance groups. Choral music groups and sports are also popular.
Gender roles vary by class, with more rigidity in the lower strata. Homosexuality is feared. Marriage is valued, being associated with socioeconomic standing and as a demonstration of ambition and the attainment of social adulthood.
Marriage. Once a proposed marriage union is recognized, the couple are referred to as being "friendly" or as being "sweethearts." The migration of either party in such a union is regarded as terminating that union. Most lower-class Montserratians eventually legally marry, because marriage is associated with a higher socioeconomic standing. Legal divorce is fairly rare.
Domestic Unit. The major domestic unit is the household, which encompasses kinship, mating, land tenure, and inheritance. Migration has caused some unique problems for maintenance of the domestic unit in Montserrat.
Inheritance. About half the children born are technically illegitimate, but no stigma is attached to this fact. All children are entitled to an equal share of the parents' fixed property regardless of birth order or sex.
Kin Groups. Standard English kin terms apply in Montserrat, except for "niece" and "nephew," which are rarely used. Children are typically given the name of their genitors regardless of the type of mating arrangement.
Child Rearing and Education. Children are cared for within the domestic unit of family, which tends to be matrifocal. Children are given the name of their genitor. Pre-primary education is provided in nursery schools for 3-5 year-olds, while primary education for children of 7-11 years is provided in 15 primary schools. Religion has had a strong influence on education. Anglicans and Methodists broadened the base, and Quakers also played a vital role in education. Education, however, tended to render the educated unfit for life on the island.
Higher Education. Secondary education is fairly well developed throughout the island, but access to tertiary education is only through a school of continuing education sponsored by the University the West Indies.
Religious Beliefs. Protestant sects have multiplied in recent times. Catholics were a strong religious group in the 1800s, but today the largest religious denomination is Anglican Protestant. The first church, built by Governor Anthony Brisket, was probably Anglican. Pentecostal churches are growing.
Medical services are reasonably adequate on the island, with a number of private medical practitioners available as well as doctors in the government health service. Health centers are scattered throughout the island. Free medical attention and medication are provided for children and the aged.
Saint Patrick's Day, March 17, is celebrated with feasts and festivities by the island's Irish inhabitants, and local scholars made it a national day on which to celebrate the freedom fighters of the abortive 1768 slave uprising. August 1 is Emancipation Day, and August Monday a national holiday, with picnics, bazaars, and dances. Many parishes have village days, beauty contests, and Calypso contests.
The arts and humanities are largely confined to folk representations. The trappings of black power, Afro clothing, and plaited hair have appeared and disappeared. However, there has been a new appreciation of self and a search for national identity. The new consciousness has found expression in research into local folk music, folktales, proverbs, riddles, and dialects. There has been an attempt to recognize and reconcile the African contributions to Montserrat's cultural mosaic.
Berleant-Schiller, R. "Montserrat." World Bibliographical Series 134, 1991.
Fergus, H. A. "Montserrat: Paradise or Prison." Bulletin of Eastern Caribbean Affairs 12 (1): 1–10, 1986.
——. History of Alliouaguana: A Short History of Montserrat , 1975.
Fitzgerald, T. K., and H. A. Fergus, H. A. "National Self-Image on A Caribbean Island: Montserrat, W. I." Journal of Eastern Caribbean Studies 22 (2): 56–67, 1997.
Fitzgerald, T. K. Metaphors of Identity: A Culture-Communication Dialoque , 1993.
Irish, J. A. G. Life in a Colonial Crucible: Labor and Social Change in Montserrat 1946–Present , 1991.
Kurlansky, M. A Continent of Islands: Seraching for the Caribbean Destiny , 1992.
Messenger, J. C. "Montserrat: 'The Most Distinctively Irish Settlement in the New World."' Ethnicity 2: 281–303, 1975.
Philpott, S. B. West Indian Migration: The Montserrat Case , 1973.
Schlesinger, P. Media, State and Nation: Political Violence and Collective Identities , 1991.
Smith, A. D. National Identity: Ethnonationalism in Comparative Perspective , 1991.
Williams, A. R. "Under the Volcano: Montserrat." National Geographic 192 (1): 58–75, 1997.
—T HOMAS K. F ITZGERALD
Sincerly,
Owen
Kind regards
Joseph Dyer
Can anyone help?
If you do this it would help many more students when doing research about your homeland.
Thanks for the information. It was great!!!!!!
Marjorie
Again, thanks this has been a great starting point because you really dont hear much about this place. I would love to visit one day.
thank you for taking the time to read this
Thanks
regards Daniel
the above indeed is first class information my sincere gratitude to the author which I am sure is shared by all,for those of you trying to trace your family tree it is worth considering that
although you might be Lee/Tuitt/Bunting/Allen/Davis/Brade myself,
your tree might very well have stated with another name as I am finding out.
Regards with love for you all
Our father was Samuel Douglas Riley. His parents, our paternal grandmother was Ellen (Helen) Boatswain and our paternal grandfather was John Douglas Riley.
Ellen Boatswain's father was Samuel Boatswain and her mother was Katie Meade. Samuel Boatswain's parents were Patrick and Sita Boatswain.
John Riley's father was Nicholas Riley and his mother was Louisa Willock. John also had a twin brother whose name we do not know.
We also have a connection to the West family, as one of Samuel Boatswain's brothers, Timothy Boatswain had a daughter by the name of Esther, who married a George Henry West.
We are also very connected to the Meade, Dyer, O'Garro and Dungee families via marriages within the Boatswain family line. We are still trying to find information on Patrick and Sita, especially her maiden name and also on John Douglas Riley's twin brother.
We have put together extensive family trees at a couple of websites.
Please feel free to contact me at the email address displayed here if you have information regarding anyone in the family line and I will add that information and share the trees with you. We are not allowed to post the website links here.
Let's keep up the research! This is fun!!
Pamela Alicia Riley Bassett-Carmalt.
:)
I am sure my mother and my uncles would know a deal more of this family as they were living quite close you are welcome to contact me and I will see what I could find out for you .
Dowdye is from montserraat on my fathers side his name was John dowdye
My mother is Sarah Elizabeth Martin who lived in grandstand her mother
And father wiiam and Catherine Martin lived in st Patrick's. Catherine had a brother
And sister Richard Martin and Mary (caty)
My father John had a brother called boxie and 2 sisters. I am trying to
Put together my family tree but it is painstaking
If anyone has information on the martins. Dowdye. Or anyone who lived
At trials please contact
I wondered if anyone could give me any information about the Mulcare family, my father Jonathon was born in Harris (I believe) in Montserrat in 1935.
Just wondering if anyone has information on the
Parson or parsons family, my grandmothers maiden
Name would have be laurancena parson and her fathers
Was Samuel, I think they lived in Harris Area
Thankyou
It's a real pleasure seeing folks trying to reconnect. Montserrat has always had a larger community abroad than at home and we really have to stay connected. Thanks to whoever created this site.
I would like to find out more information about my grandfather's first wife. Her name was Ann Weldon Trott and we know little about her. My grandfather, John Henry Jeffers preserved her name by adding Weldon to his first son's name. I would also like to learn more about my great grandparents, William C Jeffers and Elizabeth Allen. I believe the Allens were from Davy Hill and William Jeffers was from Zion Hill in the North. Please feel free to email me at jamaalj54@gmail.com Blessings, J
My mother came to London England as a teenager and first settled and lived in Notting Hill, Shepherds Bush and finally Fulham.
I hope this helps
Thanks
Beresford
My name is Mary Tuitt I currently live in Georgia but I am From Montserrat. I also share the same Grandmother and Grandfather Jane Ann Farrell married to Thomas Tuitt. Thomas is origanally from Bakers Hill (Codgoe Head). Thomas and Janie as she was called together had 16 children but my grandfather had two or three children before marriage, aunt Rosalyn was one of them and I knew her very well. If we are talking about the same people then we are closely related. My mother's name is Mono Tuitt. I hope this info would be of some help and I also forwarded this message to my brother whos much better than me at recognizing family.
Also at Wesley school at the time was an Evelyn Buntin (Bunting?). She lived on Waterlane. She had the smoothest dark skin, and was always disappointed when she didn't get sent to the school dentist.
I grew up in Plymouth (Town Hill). My father is Leonard Aubrey Martin (Babbabs). His father was Ray Martin. I don't know how I might be connected to the Martins from Trials or St. Patricks. It would be good to find out if I am.
My son is doing a project on Montserrat. He is trying to find some traditional dessert recipes.
I have done considerable research on the old Shiell family of Montserrat. There were very influential in the early part of the 19th century and have left a few decendents on the island but many more have migrated away to the UK, USA, CAnada and Australia.
There are many variations on the spelling of the name and I have some interesting stories about a Mrs Dowdy in 1823 who felt that she was defrauded of her land and slaves. It had interesting consequences and Mathew Dowdy Shiell, a mullato Methodist lay-preacher and store-keeper may have be decended from one of her slaves. His son Matthew Phipps Shiell -1865-1947- (the "King of Redonda") lived all his adult life in Britain and was a prolific writer of adventure stories . Contact me for more details on richard.shiell@gmail.com
M J. Farrell
P.S this article and comments are very interesting.
This information is well researched and very informative. I am trying to follow the roots of the Fergus Family which moved down the caribbean to S.t.Vincent and as far as Trinidad. please email me if you have any information that is helpful
Thanks
Allan
The name Taitt is, I think, a mothers maiden name.
Is there anyone else researching the name Andrews or Taitt, Tait? What sort of records are available ?
Kind regards
My father and mother had returned to the island about 5 years previously and after the eruption returned to the UK.
I have travelled and lived in many parts of the world; but Montserrat will always have a very special place in my heart.
I hope you all find success in your searches.
"SEMPER" and on his mother's side is Dowdy. His dad's full name is Thomas Semper who at one point lived in America an who had lots of kids with different
women, with my dad's mother he four sons - William, Wilbert, Avon an Jimmy. William an Jimmy stayed in Montserrat, Jimmy had one son named JOHN Dowdy
Jimmy took his mother's name the rest Semper. We related too the Ryan's, White's. My dad's name is Avon Semper an we live in England London, would love to hear
from any body who can help get this tree started. Also would love to state that i've been to Montserrat on many occasions and it is truly a beautiful Island an the people
lovely. Bye for now Valerie.
Kind regards
Leah
My email address: lmnathaniel87@gmail.com
Indeed, it is a very unique little world. A few weeks spent there this year proved the island to be worth to explore much deeper and wider...
We found Montserratians to be very friendly and welcoming. Thank you for sharing the above information with others.
His father my great grandfather was Henry Daley of Nixon Village who followed him coming to the states in early 1940s. Henry had many, many, many children some who have migrated throughout the Caribbean, Canada, U.S. and U.K. My Grandfather married my grandmother, Matilda Edinborough from St. Kitts, who are also from the McIntosh family.
Family names I do know from my grandfather's siblings are: William, Joseph, Jasper (daughter Frances), George ,these were the siblings who were in NYC. I believe my great grandmother's name was Mary. My father was Richard Nathaniel who left Montserrat as child along with an older sister Adela (Carmen), there was also a younger brother Albert who was born in U.S. and died as a child. Henry had many children as well as multiple mothers for these children. I have come across many Daley from the Caribbean and found them connected in some manner. I have found out some have changed the spelling as well, so just because a Daley doesn't spell it your way, doesn't necessarily mean your not related.
I have Boatswains, O'Garro, and Daly on my family tree. Please feel free to contact me at this email: psbintl@yahoo.com
I have found this thread extremely interesting. On my mothers side both her parents are from Montserrat. My grandmothers side is from Long Ground and her maiden name was Ryan (which was her mother's name, however her fathers name was Greer). My great-grandmother Margaret (Greer) Ryan is still alive at 105! so I have reached out to ask her some questions while I still can. My granfathers side is from Cudjoe Head and his surname is Gerald, his father was Nathaniel Gerald and married to Ann Francis Molyneux. I have seen the names Gerald, Ryan and Molyneux mentioned so I wonder if we are related somehow. I have takaen the ancestry DNA test and have been matched to 40+ 3rd and 4th cousins, have any of you taken this test? Maybe I have already been matched to you on ancestry. I anyone has any further questions or information to share please do, it will be so helpful. Thank you, Chantelle
Happy to see that I am not the only one searching to find family history from Montserrat. My father was born in Montserrat and his father's name was Charles Mulcare who used to own a small shop and dance hall in Kinsale. I lived in Montserrat in 1971 or thereabouts and attended school in Plymouth at Mr Piper's academy.
If anyone has any information about the Mulcare family or have heard of Mr Piper's school then I would be grateful to hear from you.
My great aunt said that three brothers with the last name Ryan moved to St. Vincent from Monserrat and lived in different parts of St. Vincent. There are a lot of Ryan's in St. Vincent.
My Grandmother which is my fathers Mother's name was Elizabeth Ryan. I believe that maybe her father was one of the brothers from Monserrat.
I loved this article, I am reading up on my family history and loved all the interesting things I have learned about Montserrat. I am a Daly born in Harlem NY, My grandfather migrated to America from Montserrat his name was Irving Daly and his fathers name was Pete Daly. I enjoy meeting my family and am looking into learning more about the Island and our Irish heritage. My great grandmother was a Kirnon who married a Daly so anyone who is of relation please do not hesitate to send me an email at Jennyruok@gmail.com
My last name is Tuitt and I’ve seen a few people on here sharing the same last name and have also seen some common names in which my grandparents possess.. I am really interested in finding out more / more about any long lost relatives I may have .. please do not hesitate to contact me so we can discuss more !
Ramaniking31@gmail.com
Thank you and pleased to find all this information
My great grandmother, (from SVG), was married to one of the brothers.
Any help would be appreciated and I am willing to share what information I have of my Ryan family.
Thanks
I went to Medical School in Montserrat (AUC). As a Jamaican living in the US the vegetation and life style was much like home. I made friends with the citizens in all class levels (Economic, I never refer to people as low or high class but economic status). Margaret lee a Police officer was a good friend of mine. We lost contact over the years. As Caribbean people we didn't realize the paradise we shared.
I'm not sure if Thomas Williams and his wife, Sarah (formerly Lee) were on his mothers or fathers side.
Any information would be gratefully received.
where is your family from.
we share a last name that it is well known the spelling was changed circa 1850
Also, related to Catherine (Cache/Catch) Ryner, Charlotte Ann Ryner-Lewis-Semper-Davis Beatrice Ryner-Lindo, Priscilla Ryner- married John Henry Dyett, Catherine Ryner-Daniels. If anyone is related, please contact me at: smalltreasure.rg.@gmail.com